The most important talent of a manager

The most important talent of a manager In 2008, a survey by Robery Half International found that 53 % of managers questioned considered leadership and motivational skills the most important talent a manager should have [1]. This figure truly shows the importance of leadership in the approach to management. According to Mary Parker Follett, management is the art of getting things done through people. In this report, I will first analyse this statement before demonstrating to what extend I agree with it. In fact, managing is truly living the experience of the human being through interpersonal relationships that include understanding the employees and developing their competences. In a second part, I will describe the skills needed for managers regarding to Folletts definition, emphasizing on the importance of leadership. Finally, I will list some of the limitations that can represent barriers to management. They include the informal organization, the change of the economy and the development of high technologies. Management is the art of getting things done through people. Once, Warren Bennis(1995) [2] wrote: Just about everything written today about leadership and organization comes from Mary Parker Folletts writings and lectures. According to her, management is the art of getting things doing through people. This definition has become one of the most continuously popular, being considered like the most significant way to describe the term, which finds itself a number of distinctive meanings. First, it is interesting to know why management can be defined as an art. From the encyclopedia of Management, it is the knowledge that there is no specific way to teach or understand management, and that it is skill borne of personality and ability [3]. It is saying that certain people might be more predisposed to be effective managers than are others, and that some people cannot be taught to be effective managers. Then, if I now focus on the second part of the statement, the function of the manager itself is the best manner to illustrate what getting things done through people means. Management is primarily about overseeing people: the manager sets goals for others to achieve, directing work rather than performing it. This is highlighted by the studies of what managers do. Rosemary Stewarts studies (1976) [4] have shown that most managers spend three-quarters or more of their time talking with and listening to other people. One reason for the large majority of their time in conversations is highlighted by Kotters studies (1982) which show that managers are dependent upon a network of useful contacts that include hundreds or thousands of people within and outside the company [5]. As a result of this, it is important to deeply consider the dependence of managers towards their subordinates and all the other people that work around them. Management is linked to human factor and cannot achieve any of its aims without human beings knowledge and skills which can be considered as the material of work. Moreover, Lawrence Appley (1956) [6] starts his book titled by Folletts definition: Working with, for, and through people is the way in which a manager accomplishes his job which emphasizes the main role of the manager. Providing human satisfactions from work output and relationships is a managers obligation. From his point of view, there is a vital spot in management which is the point of contact between the worker and the boss when the conditions of confidence and respect exist between the two. Overall, it is possible to make a distinction in the managers functions between deciding what to do and getting it done. Then the first task implies decision making and setting goals, and the second consists of motivation, communication, and the development of people. I truly believe that this second task is all about the art of getting things done through people because we all know that giving orders to subordinates who content themselves with applying them without the slightest protest is not real management. The manager has to handle the difficulty of working with human beings personalities, reactions and own choices, which is an art, a talent. My own personal experience of management during the French Open made me realized how hard it was to achieve the daily financial objectives, result of the efforts I had to make in motivating my sales teams to show their enthusiasm and to do some animations for the customers. The hardest times where rainy and cold daysà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ In fact, since the essential part of the managers job is getting things done through people, it is vital for him to understand peoples motivation. The problems of securing willing cooperation sets a challenge to management: a challenge to provide the conditions in which people will want to work and therefore, to cooperate. This reaches to an understanding with the fact that management attains its objectives by increasing knowledge, changing the habits, and influencing the attitudes of people towards a common goal, the goal of the organization. Effective management requires a different set of skills from leadership As we now know that managers are dependent upon achieving results through other people, it is possible to analyze what management skills they must develop in order to be effective. A skill is defined as being the ability either to perform some specific behavioral task or the ability to perform some specific cognitive process that is functionally related to some particular task [7]. First, if I refer to Katzs studies (1955) [8], we understand that managerial skills are developed by managers by providing them with a set of managerial knowledge bases and methods for accessing this information. Then, based on these assumptions, Katz proposed a three-category typology of skills: technical, human, and conceptual [9]. The technical skills are concerned with the understanding of specific activities that require the use of specialized tools, methods, processes, procedures, techniques, or knowledge. Human skills are defined as the ability to work cooperatively with others, to communicate effectively and to resolve conflicts. And finally, for Katz, the cognitive skills represent the ability to see the organization as a whole and to have a vision, a systemic viewpoint. So, like any other profession, that management requires the exercise of specific and various skills. But there are other studies showing that unlike any other profession, management expects its members to be proficient in the use of its skills without training or practice. In reality, the basic skill of management is personal power and the impact of individual leadership upon the thoughts and actions of other individuals [10]. This skill expresses itself through the ability to write and speak to individuals and groups, to conduct and lead meetingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Considering these two points of view, I think it is fair to say that either managers have inborn management skills or develop them through their experience and practice, they must have competences peculiar to be able to face difficult situations and achieve his goals. Leader or manager skills are not exclusive in nature [7]. Indeed, if a leader only displays leadership skills he might not be efficient in the usual tasks asked by employers to their managers: simply completing paperwork and reading reports for example. Reciprocally, a manager can have difficulties with his staff because he lacks in developing a relationship, something that require leadership skills. A manager that combines both skills is the most effective. Overall, the main important attributes needed to get things done through people are: first, communication and second, motivation and development of people. Communication is the means whereby management gets its job done. It is so true that without it, an executive is as ineffectual as a violinist without his instrument. It is a skill of management, it is, however essential to every other management skill. The process of communication involves making his ideas and feelings known by another. This requires the ability to get other people to understand us, but also to help others make themselves understood by us. The process of communication requires time and experience of many different situations with various human characters. Then, communication is successful when it is understood in the fullest meaning, both in verbal sense and in intention. Then, if managing is getting things done through people, a manager who thinks about what can be done only in terms of what he can do cannot be effective. Managers must learn to accept their dependence upon other people and manage it thanks to their ability to cooperate with their peers. They have to obtain commitment which means providing the conditions in which people will want to work. In doing this, they need to be skilful in influencing people to do what they want. Stewart (1991) [11] indicates that managers must make assumptions about how people will behave, and hence, how to influence them. Here is where motivation becomes a significant tool. In fact, it is one aspect of maximizing work performance and represents a prime task for managers. Motivation of people implies many ways of action, including the development of people which is achieved by careful, planned and motivational delegation of responsibility and duty. It implies trust and a close relationship between the manager and his staff as Drucker (2005) says Organizations are no longer built on force. They are built on trust [13]. Rather than relying on powers, the manager uses the powers within people. What are the limitations of getting things done through people? As the managers success hinges on influencing people toward the goal of the organization, this is where we can find his main limitations. The most important one seems to be the informal organization, based on who knows what, who gets things done, who has influence and power, who must agree before an idea can be effectively implemented [15]. The problem here is that the informal organization cant be managed at all because  it is a self-organizing process. Even when managers are carrying out their formal roles, they are unavoidably participating in this process. They are not objective observers and controllers of other peoples actions. The leadership challenge, therefore, is not to try to manage the informal. Instead, it is to engage purposefully in the dynamic network of conversations and interactions through which outcomes emerge. The globalization of the economy has some strong influences on the organizations. The two main consequences of this are limitations for the managers. First, there are the linguistic and cultural problems, concerned by the employees being more and more transnational which implies difficulties on communication. Also the cooperation involves making more efforts of comprehension and mutual respect, which seems difficult to do spontaneously. And second, the worldwide explosion of the working teams, which is why some managers become  «Ã‚  telemanagers  Ã‚ ». In fact, technological solutions (emails, phone, videoconferenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) allow monitoring the work through the distance, it sees the relationship transformed. In a more sociological point of view, it is possible to see that nowadays, the authority is living a crisis. Executives are not considered as chiefs anymore but as coordinators as well as members of the teams are not called subordinates anymore but colleagues. These working teams are not shaking or impressed anymore facing the upper hierarchy: the chief is desecrated. The legitimacy of the manager is damaged by the individualism and the autonomy of the staff which tends to make the managerial relationships more complex as the use of authority is less possible. Then management practice conditions are modified by the evolutions of the environment and managers cannot content themselves to manage via objectives. Thats why we can see the rising important of the value and the competence based management. CONCLUSION The art of getting things done through people is linked to the need to influence people toward the goal of the organisation and this requires definitely leadership skills. However a manager-leader cannot be perfect as there are limitations in getting things done through people: the informal organization and the economical and social evolutions.

Abu Dhabi Police Essay

The focal point of this paper is to develop a plan that would be successfully implementing an organizational change management system within Abu Dhabi Police department in order to increase its efficiency, development and achieving future objectives. It should be stated that at the moment there are several problems related to the issue and it is needed to overcome those in order to gain more mileage in the long run. The main aspect of this problem lies in the traditional form of police and investigation procedures that are taken into account and executed with comparatively lesser efficiency. This could also be sated that the functionality of the Abu Dhabi police department is more ancient in approach and there is an essential need for the department to catch up with the rest of the world in terms of technology implementation and efficiency evaluation. Furthermore, it is also essential to look into the aspects of administrative reconstruction as the department is unable to work up to its true potential with the administrative structure located at a medieval scenario. (Lamb, 2004, 69) Thus it can well be stated that the problem with Abu Dhabi police is not only with it’s below the par utility and efficiency but also is related to the ill formulation of the administrative system. Quite logically, the department is in extreme necessity of finding solutions for negating these problems. It should be stated that at the moment there is a five step remedy to this malady. Firstly, it is essential to understand the present management of Abu Dhabi police department and identify the key areas of improvement. Similarly, it is important in the aspect of researching the past to get an understanding about Abu Dhabi Police department’s status and importantly eliminating the risk of following the old mistakes. Then, it should be noted that a wide study is incorporated with a variety of methods of change management practices and their applicability in Abu Dhabi Police department. Furthermore, it is important to investigate the potential of alternative methods of change management and the most advantageous will be launched. Lastly, a strategy would be created with prospective enhancement that can be introduced, understanding the structure and working culture currently present in Abu Dhabi police department. It should be mentioned that the theoretical framework will involve police and public interviews, police and public’s strategic interview, historical records, secondary research through the Internet and university database, it will also use strategic analysis tools for development of the evaluation of the best method between coercive and consensual policing. In this context it should also be mentioned that the purpose of the project is formulated in a mutually beneficial way such that from an academic perspective there would be a huge gain in the context of valuable experience, and simultaneously add value by providing insights as well as a fresh & objective outlook on any matter relevant to the social context. Research design will follow the following method or schedule. Firstly the participants will be trained about data collection techniques and tools to be used to collect the relevant information. The participants will be including police officers, data collection officers, team leaders and other resourceful personnel. Secondly the areas to be interviewed will be identified and accessibility determined. These areas to be sampled for the research can range from 10-16 of these areas, say 5 will be where coercive policing will be imposed and other five consensual policing can be applied. The period of the research can take a period of minimum 3 months and a maximum of 6 months of which during this period data will be collected. Thirdly the data so collected will be prepared as a report of findings. Finally, the final reports will be analyzed and evaluation for determination of the difference between consensual and coercive forms of policy. The different is supposed to put more emphasis on the difference. In order to attain the objectives it is essential to recognize the existing practices in Abu Dhabi police department and also in the modern police departments of countries like USA, Germany, UK, Australia etc. This will be done by individual interviews of the officials in Abu Dhabi and the through questionnaires from other corners of the world. Primary research will be persistent on personal interviews with Abu Dhabi Police department officials that will give an inner view of the present positing and future goals. This will also be a key basis of understanding the indolence for change. This will help in bringing out the indication of the present managed system in Abu Dhabi police department organization. Ultimately the clients will help in providing the true print of Abu Dhabi Police department’s working and key areas of improvement. Data presented from this research will assist to evaluate the best practices model and the actual working. This will help in indicating the difference and the reason for Abu Dhabi police department organization to implement a successful change management. Abu Dhabi Police higher officials will be randomly selected with favorable time and place for the interviews to be carried out. Finally the research will be focused on the historical data by looking at the Abu Dhabi Police department’s strategy in the past. If any failure or any glitches are to be found in companies strategy they will be pointed in this research. This will help the writer to understand the Abu Dhabi Police department’s goals in the past and their implementation process. It is necessary to design a new experiment that test the statistical method. For the purpose it is necessary to collect a complete data of the site that would include different religion, ethnicity or gender. An open meeting with police as well as the general mass or public would be very relevant in this context in the initial stages. The mixed gender of male and female Police and public could well be excluded as that would complicate matters in the context of gender variable juxtaposed with other pre mentioned variables but considering other dependable factors sustaining it would yield to be fruitful in the long run. Data would be collected in relation to the gender, color, religion of the potential customers in respect to the composition of the management under the same parameters. All these variables are considered as very relevant and important features of the statistical method and it is to be seen if these aspects are fundamentally acceptable in practical world and it could well be mentioned that social service, especially security service industry, are a very relevant manifestation of the social dimensions. As a result if the test is carried out in a proper manner with proper calculations of the population involved then there is no reason that the results would be both logical and true at the end consideration. In accordance to the basic test selected it could be stated that it could be possible that the outcome would be relatively logical in the sense that it would ultimately follow the trends of social facilitation theory in marketing and thus it would be agreeable with the statistical method and thus a well formulated marketing strategy can be constructed for the benefit of the Police and public alike as a definite method can be chosen between coercive and consensual policing. However, it should be stated that there would be few independent variables in the context of the test that could not be explained by the statistical method statements. Here the ethical consideration of the potential Police and public or the ethnic background of the potential Police and public may not be a very relevant factor. Thus there could be some flaws to the collection of the population but if these aspects are kept in mind then the shortcomings would easily be negotiated during the ultimate computations. As a result the test would appear to be a full proofed measure that would be able to define and prove the fundamental aspects and statistical method applied. It should be noted that the access to the research participants is both easy and hard. In terms of the public interview it would be relatively easy to identify and access but the difficult part would be to frame the questioner in accordance to the color and creed of the participants in general. In case of the police interview there would be more homogenous pattern in terms of the questioner but the difficult part would be to gain access. For the purpose it would be arranged to acquire permission from the hope department. Data will be collected using two different methods. The first will be interviews, which involve citizens, police officers from the sampled areas. This is an advantage in that feedback can be obtained instantly. The second will be use of questionnaires, which will be administered to the sampled areas. The questionnaire to be used will be the opened type. The advantage of this method is that the information obtained can be quantified to reflect that the sampled group as part of the entire population. The advantage is that it is easier to analyze data collected through questionnaire method. It should be noted that reliability for the researcher was achieved in the assurance that only a specified group of men and women were utilized in regard to the research. That group was focused mostly on customers and retails along with administrative personnel. This gave the research a more focused view of the research goal. The validity was managed as a result of this focus and emphasized in the considerations involved in the data collection, variables, and sampling methods. Privacy and confidentiality methods included assigning numeric and alphabetic coding to each responding questionnaire. This ensured anonymity in regard to the researcher and the subjects of the research process and a thorough qualitative method would be used during data analysis. The basic advantages of qualitative measures are multifold. Firstly, it presents a completely realistic approach that the statistical analysis and numerical data used in research based on quantitative research cannot provide. Another advantage of qualitative measures is that it is more flexible in nature in terms of collected information interpretation, subsequent analysis and data collection. It also presents a holistic point of view of the investigation. Furthermore this approach of research allows the subjects to be comfortable thus be more accurate as research is carried on in accordance to the subject’s own terms. The best statistical method would be to interview long well formulated day to day working procedure at a specific and well selected location. Throughout the procedure, it should be noticed whether there are specific variables within the testable population or not. These variables would be extremely important while evaluating the basic data in the final stages where the adjustments would be made to the formulated data in accordance to the observations. As a conclusion to the outline of this paper it can always be stated that Qualitative research is a process that includes interpretative paradigm under the measures of theoretical assumptions and the entire approach is based on sustainability that is depended on people’s experience in terms of communication. It can also be mentioned that the total approach is based on the fact that reality is created on the social formulations. It can also be mentioned that the basic target of qualitative research is instrumented towards social context under normal circumstances where it would be possible to interpret, decode and describe the significances of a phenomenon. The entire process is operational under the parameter of interpretative paradigm that can minimize illusion and share subjectivity under contextualization, authenticity and complexity of the investigation. References: Lamb, Davis; (2004); Cult to Culture: The Development of Civilization on the Strategic Strata; National Book Trust; Wellington

The Harlem Renaissance s Influence On People s Views On...

Travel back in time several centuries ago to the 1900’s and imagine how different life would be – oil lamps/candles, outhouses or one toilet shared between several people, movies known as â€Å"flickers† and lasting no longer than 10 minutes, no television, ice boxes as opposed to refrigerators, baseball being the main sport that people followed as opposed to football, and unless you were a White male, your lifestyle was not filled with many opportunities or rights. With slavery being abolished not too long ago, discrimination and segregation was still widely accepted and practiced. Life was much different back then. Although people were heavily being judged for the color of their skin, a movement called the Harlem Renaissance had a major influence on people’s views on African-Americans across the United States. The Harlem Renaissance created a new Black cultural identity through literature, music, theater, art, and politics. One of the leading voices was Langston Hughes, a writer whom wrote realistic portrayals, both suffering and victories of African-American lifestyles through poetry, short stories, novels, and plays. Through short, effective, and expressive words, Langston Hughes’s poetry promoted African-American culture and also addressed the oppression and injustice of African-Americans. Our story starts from year 1916 to 1970, when more than 6 million African-Americans relocated from the Southern states to the Northern states in an epidemic known as the Great Migration.Show MoreRelatedHarlem Renaissance Essay1069 Words   |  5 PagesHARLEM RENAISSANCE Throughout the history of African Americans, there have been important historical figures as well as times. Revered and inspirational leaders and eras like, Martin Luther King and the Civil Rights Movement, Nat Turner and the slave revolt, or Huey Newton and the Black Panther Party. One such period that will always remain a significant part of black art and culture is the Harlem Renaissance. It changed the meaning of art and poetry, as it was known then. Furthermore, theRead More The Harlem Renaissance Essay1031 Words   |  5 PagesHARLEM RENAISSANCE Throughout the history of African Americans, there have been important historical figures as well as times. Revered and inspirational leaders and eras like, Martin Luther King and the Civil Rights Movement, Nat Turner and the slave revolt, or Huey Newton and the Black Panther Party. One such period that will always remain a significant part of black art and culture is the Harlem Renaissance. It changed the meaning of art and poetry, as it was known then. Furthermore, theRead More Gwendolyn Brooks We Real Cool Essay1347 Words   |  6 PagesGwendolyn Brooks We Real Cool The poem We Real Cool by Gwendolyn Brooks is a stream of the thoughts of poor inner city African-Americans who have adopted a hoodlum lifestyle. Though many can have different interpretations of this poem, it is fair to look at the life and career or the works and influences of Gwendolyn Brooks. The life and art of the black American poet, Gwendolyn Brooks, began on June 7, 1917 when she was born in Topeka, Kansas. She was the first child of Keziah Corine WimsRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance By Zora Neale Hurston1896 Words   |  8 Pages Personal Identity The Harlem Renaissance was a period from the end of World War I through the middle of the Great Depression, during which a group of talented African-American writers produced a body of poetry, fiction, drama, and essays. Zora Neale Hurston is considered to be one of the most influential contributors to the Harlem Renaissance period. Hourston grew up in this culturally affirming setting due to her father’s mentality, despite frequent confrontations with her preacher-father, sheRead MoreBibliographic Essay on African American History6221 Words   |  25 PagesBibliographic Essay on African American History Introduction In the essay â€Å"On the Evolution of Scholarship in Afro- American History† the eminent historian John Hope Franklin declared â€Å"Every generation has the opportunity to write its own history, and indeed it is obliged to do so.†1 The social and political revolutions of 1960s have made fulfilling such a responsibility less daunting than ever. Invaluable references, including Darlene Clark Hine, ed. Black Women inRead MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 PagesUnited States. As the manager of an electric company and owner of a ranch and mines, Jim expressed contempt for black Americans who continued to submit to segregation and live in poverty. Langston Hughes, 1933 (Library of Congress) Langston was not ashamed of being a black American. He had already written poems celebrating his heritage. He felt connected to the oppressed brown people of the world and hated his father for mistreating his Mexican employees. Witnessing his fathers tyranny made Langston

Cell Phones Should Not Be Banned from School Property

As one enters any local high school in the United States, they will be sure to see teenage students with their cellular telephones in hand. One may say the use of cell phones should be banned on school property, however there are many instances in which that may not be the best idea. Parents need to know that their children are safe and those children need a way in which to contact their parents if an emergency arises. If their child is not permitted to have their cellular telephone with them at school, the parent loses that sense of security. Cellular telephones should not be banned for students’ use on school property for many reasons, including, emergency situations, changes in after school plans, and if the child commutes home on a school bus or walk. A common argument against this position is that cellular telephones should be banned on school property because of potential cheating, misuse, and harm, but all students should not be punished for the actions of some. There a re many of tools that students can utilize in order to cheat if that was their goal. Randi Weingarten is the parent of a child who’s school did impost a ban of the use of cellular telephones on school property. When speaking on the subject of teenagers using cell phones in order to cheat in class Weingarten says, â€Å"But does that mean we should ban any material that can be used for cheating- including pencils and pens†. Teachers and staff can help in making sure that students are not inappropriatelyShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Technology On Our Daily Life1259 Words   |  6 Pageshigh school are beginning to surface. Despite the fact that phones can be utilized educationally and serve as a learning too, this same technology can also be utilized negatively at the wrong time. In agreement with many teachers, â€Å"a fair amount of teachers say cell phones have officially replaced chewing gum as the new classroom menace. Constant ringing, chirping, buzzing and texting a re interfering with lessons and student learning, and some students are storing notes on their cell phones to cheatRead MoreCell Phones During School Day884 Words   |  4 PagesNo Cellphone Policy School is a place where students go to gain an education, but school it is also a place where relationships are built and where people go to converse. With so many different ways of communicating to one another, it is easy to just take out a cell phone and to use it as a tool for just about anything, but the use of cell phones at school can lead problems for not only the student but for those around him or her. The use of cell phones during school hours can cause distractionsRead MoreRegulation Of Cell Phones : A Cell Phone938 Words   |  4 PagesRegulation of Cell Phones A cell phone according to the dictionary.com â€Å"a portable telephone that uses wireless technology to send and receive a phone signal. 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Current precedentsRead MoreCell Phines Chould Not Be Allowed in School2071 Words   |  9 PagesDERVIN GARCIA ABSTRACT Cell phones are wireless phones that most people use now. First they used the home phone which is still used in different countries in the world. In 1834 a man named Michael Faraday, was studying if space could conduct electricity and he came with the idea to develop the cell phone. Cell phones are now used everywhere by anyone, even kids. This brings a problem, CELL PHONES in school. Cell phones should not be allowed in school. Cell phone has a harmful effect on teenagersRead MoreMobile Use While Driving Is A Distraction1425 Words   |  6 Pagesmedia browsing increase as much as 30 percent between 2009 and 2011. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), banned texting while driving for commercial drivers in 2009. This action prompted President Obama to issue Executive Order 13514, which bans all federal employees from texting while driving on government business. Both of these actions came about from a 2009 study commissioned by the FMCSA that shows a driver is 23.2 times more likely to be involved in a crash or near crashRead MoreDistracted Driving : Not Driving1720 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Imagine you’re on your way to work and you get a text message from a friend or family member. Although you know that it is wrong to check while you are driving, you still check it anyways because you have done it plenty of times and got away with it. Then you look back up and realize that you are on the other side of the road and there is a car heading your way. 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The clear and present danger test which is a test where the government can restrict speech if there is evidence that the speech will cause a clear and present dangerous condition to the public(BardesShelley, 2014, p.122). Direct incitement test protects the advocacy of illegal action under the First Amendment unless imminent action is likely to happen. For Instance, itRead Morehistory Essay example2187 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿THE EFFECTS OF WORLD WAR I ON POLITICAL AND ETHNIC MINORITIES As you read in Chapter 21 â€Å"An Emerging World Power,† the government clamped down hard on those who dissented from the war and on those who held radical or unpopular opinions. In this assignment you will explore how political and ethnic minorities were treated during and after World War I. Definition: A â€Å"minority† is anyone who is not like or does not agree with the majority. It does not have to mean an ethnic or racial minority

Reflection On Depression - 1025 Words

Depression Who am I to judge? Occasionally, everyone will feel sad or upset when struggling with obstacles in their life. However, within a couple of days these feelings may pass. According to the Mayo clinic, â€Å"depression is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest.† When I lost my ill husband, I experienced a depressive disorder that interfered with my daily life. My normal functions to move on didn’t make sense. While he was alive he took care of all the bills and insured that I was taking care of. It was a scary feeling to pick up the pieces where he left off and to continue living in this foreign country. The pain of this depressive order caused me to push anyone away from me, because I didn’t†¦show more content†¦Soldiers coming home from a long deployment may experience a change in behavior such as an angry outburst. This behavior could be caused over a simple matter as paying bills. Before the soldier went to war, they had one way and when they got back their love ones is doing another way. In turn, this may cause feelings of hopelessness and/or worthlessness because they feel that they are not needed. With as many as 170,000 men and women now returning from Iraq and Afghanistan, most will be going through psychological problems such as PTSD, anxiety, mood disorders and depression (Tyre 2004). A person may have trouble thinking or concentrating that could affect the way they make decisions. An individual may have trouble remembering things because of the lack of sleep or loses interest in most normal activities such as hobbies or sports. A person may typically have anxiety, agitation or restlessness caused by extreme stress. Sudden changes in appetite or weight loss or gain may be symptoms to look for in an individual with a major depressive disorder. With any illness such as depression a person may have suicidal thoughts or suicidal attempts that are not noticeable to even their friends or loved ones. However, understanding some of the causes or riskShow MoreRelatedReflection On Depression834 Words   |  4 Pagesbetter our lives. Although it was not ideal for me to develop depression I was empowered by it; I was also empowered by my family’s attitudes towards therapy. Because of my experience, I wanted to help other young people like myself as well as change attitudes surrounding therapy. My experience is what pushed me to become as social worker and my experience with depression can help me related to my clients who are experiencing depression. In addition to my immediate family, my extended family contributedRead MoreReflection Paper On Depression1207 Words   |  5 PagesReflection #3: Depression Depression is a category of mental illness that most often appears during the late teens. Often, a psychiatrist or psychologist is necessary to diagnose a person with depression. This is often done using the DSM V. According to this reference, depression is characterized by feelings of sadness and feelings of emptiness, which often leads to a myriad of physical problems. Physical symptoms of depression include unintentional weight loss or gain, sleeping too much or too littleRead MoreReflection About Depression872 Words   |  4 Pages Depression is a mental illness that can swallow you up whole, as if it were a monster tearing away at your soul every day. One may feel as if things could not get any worse for them when they are affected, and it may lead to harmful thoughts, actions and very serious consequences. Suicide doesn’t end the chances of life getting any worse, it simply eradicates the chances of anything getting better. It is a choice that one makes which will fore ver define their lives. 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An Overview Of Learning Three Theoretical Perspectives Education Essay Free Essays

There are countless positions on the acquisition procedure, understanding the mechanisms of and our apprehension of larning as theory and the practical application of methodological analysis has evolved well over clip. Each theory contributes to our apprehension of how scholars integrate information and experiences from their environment. This has deductions for single growing and besides for institutional policy and pattern. We will write a custom essay sample on An Overview Of Learning Three Theoretical Perspectives Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this paper I will reexamine three theoretical positions on acquisition, viz. the Constructivist/Cognitivist position, the Phenomenographic position, and the Socio-cultural position, I will depict the salient characteristics and features of each theory, and compare the similarities and differences across positions. This will include a treatment of how learners entree information, make sense of that information, and act on it in deliberate and purposeful ways as a agency of prosecuting with the universe. From there I will look into what these larning theories emphasize or give relevancy to the constructs of context, significance, and experience. The assorted positions each have something to state about the relationship between context, significance, and experience as they relate to acquisition, nevertheless the importance of these nucleus constructs differs in how each theory conceptualizes acquisition, and the importance of the function of context, significance, and experience. Finally, I will reason with illustrations that bring these positions to life in my mundane experience, and I will adhere these theories together within a cohesive apprehension of acquisition and instruction as it relates to the interrelatedness of the constructs of intrinsic motive, fluctuation, and transportation. Three theoretical positions on larning There are legion theories of acquisition, each stressing a peculiar characteristic of the learning experience. Assorted theories of larning besides depict larning in different ways depending on the point of view of the perceiver. Each theory emphasizes thoughts related to context, significance, and experience in different ways as they relate to acquisition, both from the position of the scholar and from the instructor/teacher/coach/mentor. Constructivist/Cognitivist Perspective â€Å" Objectivity is the psychotic belief that observations could be made without an perceiver † ( von Foerster, 1995, pg. 5 ) The Constructivist theoretical orientation holds that cognition is acquired experientially, is mediated by our anterior apprehension, and is based on the belief that we learn by making instead than detecting, and that cognition is built upon old acquisition. â€Å" The indispensable nucleus of constructivism is that scholars actively construct their ain cognition and intending from their experiences ( Doolittle, pg 1 ) Piaget was chiefly concerned with cognitive buildings that occurred as a consequence of interactions with†¦ Constructivism emerged from early surveies of acquisition, behavior, and depth psychology, and the behavioral point of views of Watson, along with Kohler and Koffka ‘s Gestalt psychological science. ( Tools pg. 7 ) Constructivism as theoretical apprehension exists along a continuum from â€Å" weak † to â€Å" strong † signifiers constructivism This is an adaptative procedure whereby behaviors evolve to run into the altering demands of the environment, and knowledge serves to makes sense of subjective experience. ( Doolittle, 1999, 1 ) Constructivism emerged from schools of behaviorism and objectivism, which held that there was a cognizable nonsubjective world that existed independent of the person. Constructivism takes the position that meaningful personal experience is the footing of cognition and acquisition. Persons construct intending within a context of personal experience that is rooted in linguistic communication, civilization, and the societal experiences of each person. There can be no objectively verifiable truth or cognition within constructivism, as each single brings a alone position grounded in their ain old cognizing. Much of this cognition is silent and resides in the inexplicit memory of the scholar, but it exerts its influence and acts as a filter through which the person â€Å" sees † new information and relates it to their apprehension of the universe. Knowledge and therefore acquisition is constructed within the head of the person. Constructivism rejects the impression of an nonsubjective and cognizable world independent of the perceiver, and holds that cognition of the universe is constructed through the active cognitizing on the portion of persons. Constructivism rejects the impression of an oberver-independent universe in favor of cognition reflecting the subjective worlds of the perceiver. ( Glaserfeld, 1989, p. 3 ) Knowledge is non a representation of world, but alternatively a â€Å" aggregation of conceptual constructions that turn out to be adapted or, as I would manner, feasible within the cognizing topic ‘s scope of experience. ( Glaserfeld, 1989, p. 4 ) Within Cognitive constructivism ( account of strategy theory, accomodation, assimilation ) . Cognitive constructivism adheres to theoretical accounts of cognition building that consider the function of memory, cognitive concepts, and scheme without sing to the full the subjective nature of cognition as occupant within the head of the topic. Knowledge in this sense implies an internal representation that accurately reflects an observer-independent external world. ( Doolittle, 1999, 2 ) Extremist constructivism differs from cognitive constructivism by progressing the thought that larning is an adaptative procedure, and that it is observer-dependent and resides in a fluid and dynamic knowledge that considers the subjective experience of cognition building. Extremist constructivism, like societal constructivism, besides accepts societal interactions as informing cognition building. Social constructivism takes the position that societal interactions contribute to cognize, and views the societal and cultural context as grounding cognition â€Å" to a specific clip and topographic point. ( doolittle pg 4 ) These assorted positions exist on a continuum, nevertheless the most cardinal apprehensions are shared. We all hold memories of old experiences ; those collected memories and experiences, both tacit and explicit, go the lens through which we view our current unfolding world. Emerging grounds within the kingdom of neuroscience and interpersonal neurobiology may foretell farther homogenisation of constructivist doctrine and apprehension. Interpersonal neurobiology views the encephalon as a societal organ built through experience. This insight displacements Cognitive Constructivism farther along the continuum in the way of extremist and societal constructivism by imparting back uping grounds to the two staying epistemic dogmas, viz. that â€Å" knowledge organizes and makes sense of one ‘s experience, and that â€Å" knowing has roots in both biological/neurological building, and societal, cultural, and language-based interactions. † ( Doolittle, 1999 ) Learning is transactional, with experience act uponing cognitive building and the fictile cognitive buildings act uponing o ur experience in a dichotomy of experience and subjective world. As Carr provinces, â€Å" †¦ the turning organic structure of grounds makes clear that the memory inside our caputs is the merchandise of an inordinately complex natural procedure that is, at every blink of an eye, finely tuned to the alone environment in which each of us lives and the alone forms of experiences that each of us goes through. † ( Carr, 2010, P. ? ? ) Carr recounts some of the current research on memory and experience, and expands on the thought that our encephalon construction continuously changes with experience ; encephalon malleability, the turning and pruning of synaptic connexions over clip, changes our very memories and our remembrances of experience based on new experiences. ( Carr, 2010, p. 190 ) Researcher Kobi Rosenblum farther describes how memory, which in a sense is our recalled experience, can be a fictile and traveling mark. As he explains, â€Å" ..the human encephalon continues to treat information long after it is received, and the quality of memories depends on how the information is processed. † ( Carr, 2010, p. 191 ) Meaning within Cognitivist/Constructivist Perspective Meaning as significance for each position, but it is built-in to an apprehension of constructivism. Meaning is cardinal to the intentionality of scholars ; relevancy and significance enhance a scholar ‘s ability to associate with their universe. It besides relates to constructs of motive as it relates to a scholars sense of bureau and battle with their experience, ad it highlights the importance of civilization and linguistic communication as societal go-betweens of larning? ? ? ? â€Å" The importance of these memory mechanisms to the development of cognitive psychological science is that, one time understood, they make it really clear that a individual ‘s ability to retrieve points is improved if the points are meaningfully related to each other or to the individual ‘s bing cognition. The cardinal word here is meaningful. â€Å" Wynn pg.4 â€Å" What is meaningful to people is determined by what they can retrieve of what they have already learned † . Wynn pg 4 Opportunities for larning within a constructivist model occur most readily when what is being learned has relevancy or high emotional valency for the scholar ; in other words when information or experiences are meaningful. In order for larning to be meaningful it should be relatable to old cognition and experience. This building-block theoretical account of cognition and experience is wholly consistent with a scholar as meaning-maker. The deductions for learning and educational teaching method are that undertakings that have significance and relevancy tend to be of greater intrinsic involvement to scholars. Research on the experience of larning speaks to the importance of significance as it relates to knowledge building, and speaks of the importance of liberty, bureau, pick, and coaction in driving our instrinsic motivational desires to prosecute in meaningful undertakings, retrieve and remember information, self-organize, and be funny. A larning context rich in significance is important. Context within Cognitivist/Constructivist Positions Learning occurs most successfully at the intersection of a scholar ‘s old cognition of the universe and the experience of socially mediated interactions with others, and is influenced by all accumulated societal and cultural experiences. ( Bodrova A ; Leong, 2007, p. 9 ) The context for larning resides within the experience and imaginativeness of the scholar, and is rooted in anterior experience and is mediated by teachers/facilitators and the ecological scene or context. Within this larning context, Feuerstein describes the function of mediation. â€Å" The go-between creates in a individual an attack, a signifier of mention, a desire to understand phenomena, a demand to happen order in them, to understand the order that is revealed, and to make it for oneself. † ( Feuerstein, Feuerstein, A ; Falik, 2010, p. 37 ) Mediators can take many signifiers, but they portion in common an ability to potentiate a scholar ‘s ability to profit from larning experiences. In the absence of a go-between, even in instances where persons get cognition, they may non â€Å" understand its significance. † ( Feuerstein et al. , 2010, p. 37 ) Experience within Cognitivist/Constructivist Positions As scholars construct their ain experiential world within a societal and cultural context, the dyadic interactions that unfold connote a grade of coaction and battle with acquisition that is per se motivated by a meaningful context within which larning occurs/unfolds. Collaborative acquisition is by its nature socially constructed acquisition, where the involvement of scholars is cardinal, meaningful, and contextual. Decontextualized acquisition by contrast deficiencies a sense of connexion to the experience of acquisition. Prior experiences of larning are diminished when there is no meaningful context, and reliable experiential acquisition suffers. When pick around construction and content is collaboratively negotiated, scholars are granted a degree of liberty around how and what they learn, and experiences that are meaningful topographic point larning within a context more suited to the acquisition manner, ends, and precedences of the scholar. Kohn emphasizes these conditions of coaction, content, and pick, as making the conditions necessary for reliable and per se motivated larning to emerge. ( Kohn, ? ? ? ) Phenomenograpy/Variation Theory â€Å" There is no larning without understanding. And there is no understanding without fluctuation. † ( Marton, Trigwell, 2000 ) The theory of phenomenography is connected with the survey of human experience, peculiarly as it relates to educational research. Phenomenography examines believing and larning within the context of educational research, and seeks apprehension of â€Å" the different ways in which people experience, interpret, understand, perceive, or gestate a phenomenon, or certain facet of world. † ( Orgill, ? ? ? ? ) Marton defines phenomenography as â€Å" a qualitative research methodological analysis, within the interpretivist paradigm, that investigates the qualitatively different ways in which people experience something or believe about something † ( Marton, 1986 ) . One of the cardinal epistemic dogmas? ? ? related to Phenomenographic theory relates to constructs of fluctuation, understanding, and transportation. Marton postulates that in order for larning to happen, â€Å" †¦ at that place must needfully be a form of fluctuation nowadays to see, and this form must be experienced † . ( Marton, fluctuation, pg.1 ) . In order for larning to happen, scholars must see a broad scope of fluctuation in experience, with sameness or similarity lending small to our apprehension of experience. Variation and difference create a broader context for understanding experience, and besides spread out our repertory when meeting fresh state of affairss or fortunes. This transportation of acquisition is built-in to variation theory and a cardinal underpinning of phenomenography. Experiencing difference or fluctuation may be likened to experiences of cognitive disagreement within constructivist theoretical accounts of acquisition, where an single experiences disagreement and a disturbance and must set their construct of this new information within their existing paradigm. How we categorize, makes sens e of, or place with that difference relates to our understanding accomplishments. Discernment allows a topic to see or feel an experience â€Å" against the background of his or her old experiences of something more or less different. † ( Marton, pg.386 ) . In kernel, as topics experience greater fluctuation they become more attuned to progressively subtle differences between the â€Å" physical, cultural, symbolic, or animal universe † that they inhabit. ( Marton, pg 386 ) Every phenomenon that is experienced merely in contrast to jump experiences of the same phenomenon ( marton, pg 387 ) The deductions for teaching method centre on the use of the objects of fluctuation in order for scholars to see fluctuation, go expert at discerning, and reassign larning across state of affairss. â€Å" Excellence in instruction has really much to make with what facets of the object of larning are subjected to fluctuation, and what facets of the object are capable to fluctuation at the same time. † ( Marton, pg. 391 ) Subjects learn to pull off freshness as a consequence of holding experienced freshness through fluctuation. ( Marton, pg. 394 ) . Transportation is concerned with how â€Å" what is learned in one state of affairs affects or influences what the scholar is capable of making in another situation. â€Å" ( Marton, pg. 499 ) Meaning within Phenomenographic/Variation Theory Perspective Context within Phenomenographic/Variation Theory Perspective A construct that illuminates thoughts of context within the phenomenographic position relates to constructs of located acquisition. Situated in this case â€Å" refers to what surrounds the learning event ; that is, to the socially constructed life-world in which a peculiar case of larning occurs. † ( Sameness in transportation, pg. 511 ) Sameness and difference in larning and experience are acknowledged, nevertheless â€Å" †¦ the extent to which we can do usage of something we have learned in one state of affairs to manage another state of affairs is a mom Decision Learning is non merely geting new information and hive awaying it on top of the information we already have. It involves run intoing something unexpected ( what? ? ? might depict as a disturbance ) , something that can non be easy explained by those theories or apprehensions we have already developed. To decide that struggle we have to alter what we antecedently believed ( kohn, pg 187? ? ) This account is the tie that binds constructivism, fluctuation, theory and strategy theory to societal acquisition, along with thoughts of motive and personal bureau. How to cite An Overview Of Learning Three Theoretical Perspectives Education Essay, Essay examples

Business Ethical Dilemma Era of Globalization

Question: Describe about the Business Ethical Dilemma for the Era of Globalization. Answer: Part 1: Description In this era of globalization, ethics have emerged as an important dimension of business (Whitaker Godwin, 2013). Today, the stakeholders expect that the organizations and employees should have ethical standards. In an organizational setting, people often come across various ethical dilemmas (Frederickson, 2013). The ethical dilemmas or the moral dilemmas could also occur in peoples personal life. Here, I would like to discuss an ethical dilemma of my professional life. I have not used the real names of the people and the organizations involved. I was working as a procurement officer in a small spare parts manufacturing firm in Australia. The company (ABD Inc.) was a mid-size spare parts manufacturing unit of 250 employees. We were a team of 7 people who used to handle the procurement for the firm. Our task was to meet the suppliers, negotiate about the prices and do the quality check. Mark was the procurement manager and I used to report directly to Mark. We used to work in very tig ht schedules and Mark demonstrated good confidence in his team members. We were rarely questioned about the procurement deal that we made. As a part of our daily work, we had to meet several new suppliers in the region and compare their offerings with the offerings of the existing supplier. As a part of my daily work, I meet with a supplier Frank. He was able to give the supplies at a lower price. When I enquired I found out that he usually import the products from China and as a result Frank had the price advantage. However, his products were not high quality products. A random sampling of few products demonstrated that the products lacked reliability. Therefore, I did not have any deal with Frank and I updated the same in the internal system of the company and I communicated the same to Mark. The very next week, I received a call from Mark to discuss the deal with Frank. He told me that there is a cost pressure from the senior management and ABD Inc. should close the deal with Frank. I told him about the quality of the products and I told him that this deal should not be signed. He insisted to have the deal with Frank, as it would be beneficial for ABD INC., Mark and procurement team of the company. I was not able to understand this at the beginning. Later, Mark told me that Frank approached him and guaranteed monthly gifts for a minimum business for $5000. In fact, Mark forced me to have the deal with Mark. Personally, I did not want to compromise on the quality and this was the reason that I rejected Frank as a supplier. But, after the meeting with Mark, I was in a big ethical dilemma. I was not sure about the way out, I tried but I was not able to convince Mark. I finally decided to escalate the things to the manager of Mark. Sara was the manager of Mark and I told the entire incident to her. Mark was not happy with my decision and Sara decided to cancel any deal with Frank. It was a bad mark on the professional career of Mark. However, I believe that this decision was good for the company in long term. Therefore, I would rate my decision as 8 out of 10. Part 2: Analysis The decision of escalating the things to Sara could be discussed from the perspective of various ethical theories. The three normative ethical theories and dilemma can be discussed as: The egoism theory of ethics as explained by Gobble (2015) suggest organizational ethics more often than not begins and ends at the organizational chart illustrating the who reports. Designing an organization to survive and support change will take moving around the formal lines on the organizational chart for an organization to become flatter and collaborative (Gobble, 2015). Lorinkova, Pearsall and Sims Jr. (2013) suggest that although empirical researchers advocate empowerment leadership over directive leadership to enhance team performances, the empirical data is not clear that it supports enhancing team performances. Gobble (2015) suggest empowered leadership will use behavior that emphasizes collaborative decision making the focus more on the development of knowledge and experiencing positive in terpersonal relationships. The egoism theory is a traditional theory of ethics and virtue. After the egoism theory, various new theories have emerged that holds well in the contemporary field of management. However, the egoism theory is still used widely across different areas of ethics. This theory suggests that the action is morally right if the action promotes the self-interest of actor (Plunkett Sundell, 2013). The interest could be a short-term interest or a long-term interest. Generally, the ethical egoism is associated with the long-term interest of the actor (Chakraborty Kumar, 2013). This ethical theory deals only with the actor and not with the surroundings or the environment of the actor. In this theory, the analysis of any decision is based on the personal or the self-interest (Jefferson Sacks, 2015). The application of this theory on the above ethical dilemma would suggest that I should have taken the step that was best suited for me (Blackstone Rustroom, 2006). When I was in the situation, I considered the wellbeing of organization. The application of this theory suggests that I should have analyzed the situation from my perspective (Elina Erika, 2012). For me, probably, the best alternative was to agree to the Marks decision. This way, I would hav e gathered his trust and confidence. It would have helped me to get early promotion. The egoism theory of normative ethics has the drawback that it could not be used from the perspective of multiple stakeholders. This theory provides only a singular view of the problem or issue at hand (Forcehimes, 2015). Based on my admittedly limited understanding of organizational design and ethics, I would argue that the egoism theory of normative ethics has had enduring impact on organizational design and ethics. I do believe, however, that it is difficult to separate completely the personal perspective and the organizational perspective when dealing with the ethical dilemmas in the professional scenarios (Ferrell, 2014). Utilitarianism is a theory in normative ethics holding that the best moral action is the one that maximizes utility. Utility is defined in various ways, but is usually related to the well being of sentient entities (Sternberg, 2012). The advocates of this theory believe that a successful organizational ethical values requires a deep understanding of the context for which the organization is being designed. This requires an understanding of the environment in which the firm operates, the business strategies and models it will use to compete, and the capabilities it needs to compete. The utilitarianism theory of ethics suggests that the decision should have increased my utility (Kaufmann Carter, 2011). Now, there are different ways to define the utility. Personally, I think that my utility is enhanced when my organization does well (Michael Greg, 2014). Therefore, in the context of above ethical dilemma, this theory would suggest that I had taken a correct decision (Mulvey, 2012). In an organizational setting, this theory can work bests when there is a synchronization in the definition of the utility of various stakeholders. According to Frooman (1999) to be really useful to a firm trying to manage its stakeholders, stakeholder theory must provide an account of how stakeholders try to manage a firm (p. 192). The first step to managing conflicting needs of stakeholders is to conduct a stakeholder analysis and determine which stakeholder group will have the greatest impact and conversely which organizational action will have the greatest impact onto the stakeholder group (Wood, 2012). According to Frooman (1999) urgency, legitimacy, and power are key stakeholders attributes, which an organization needs to pay attention (p. 193). To ignore or alienate stakeholders means the likelihood of failure (Boatright, 2006). The dilemma in utilitarianism theory of ethics is prioritizing which stakeholders have the most influence (Taran Bett, 2015). There are so many opinio ns and not all bear the same weight. A considerable action plan for these voices is in stakeholder mapping in order to prioritize interests and influence. Two main areas where stakeholders have the most influence that companies consider is in urgency and power (Ingenbleek Immink, 2010). Companies can identify the levels of stakeholder influence and strategize how to avoid the more contentious directions, focus on areas of common interests, or persuade, educate, or possibly reject stakeholder input (Taran Brett, 2015, p. 60). The most effective route of managing conflict appears to be in anticipating the conflict, identifying urgency, and either recognizing stakeholder power or who to give power to. This approach maximizes a best-case scenario (Mari Anna, 2013). In the end, there will most likely still be stakeholders whose wants were not met and are unsatisfied with company decisions. As the saying goes, you cant please everyone. The bottom line of utilitarianism ethical theory i s that the overall utility of the actor should be increased and I can say that this happen in my case (Knights, 2006). For me, the utility was all about the organizational values and wellbeing and my decision was able to safeguard and upheld the organizational values. It can be said that the utilitarianism theory of ethics is used widely in various personal and professional areas. The organizations have been using the utilitarianism theory of ethics to develop an ethical culture in the organization. It also enables the organization to uphold the moral values within the organization. Immanuel Kant gave the ethics theory of duty. He viewed knowledge of and acting on ones duty as the key element. Indeed, he saw context as being of minor importance (Cassirer, 2016). This ethical theory suggests that the action should be based on the duty (Huhtala Feldt, 2013). In the above case of ethical dilemma, there are two ways to apply this theory. Case 1: I can apply this theory as I have a duty towards my manager This case would suggest that I should fulfill all the request of my manager as that is the part of my duty (Ess, 2002). It means that I should not have escalated the things to Sara. It was my duty to obey Mark and the ethical practice was to agree to whatever Mark had to say. This theory suggests that duty is the priority of the employees of the organization and it is important that all the stakeholders of the organization must fulfill all their duties. Case 2: I can apply this theory as I have a duty towards my organization This case would suggest that the employees should look for long-term duties and not short-term duties. With the bigger picture in mind, I can realize that I was serving my organization and I was not serving my manager (Boening, 2006). Therefore, any commitment of duty, that I had, was towards the organization and not the manager. This case would suggest that my action to escalate the things to Sara was a good step as it helped the organization to avoid any trouble in the later point of time. It is expected that the employees would continue to show high ethical standards towards their organization. It is also important that the organizations should create a platform where employee can fulfill their ethical duties. This theory suggests that the people should act rationally in the moral and ethical dilemmas (Jung, 2010). The advocates of this theory suggest that man is the moral actor and the actions should be based on the duty that binds the man with the organization (Elspeth Susan, 2012). The Kant theory is also used widely in the organizations. This theory of ethics has gained far wider acceptance in the large organizations and it is expected that the use of this theory would further increase in the professional setting. All the above theories have practical implications in the contemporary field of management. It is important that the people should have a holistic understanding of these theories before selecting any particular theory. Part 3: Self Reflection When I look back at the ethical dilemma, I have a feeling of satisfaction as I feel that I took the right course of action. In my opinion, understanding and acting to address the ethical and strategic interests of all stakeholders is essential if organizations are to avoid public battles with stakeholders that damage trust and create ill will (Minka, 2014). Still, I am not sure what I should have done differently. Perhaps there are simply some circumstances when doing all the right things still produces unfavorable results. When I analyze the application of the three theories to the decision that I took, I feel happy with the utilitarianism ethical theory. I feel happy with this theory as this theory suggests that my action was correct. I am personally, not very happy with the application of egoism theory of ethics as this theory considers only my views and perspective and not the perspective of organization. This is the reason that the decision that I took is not in line with the application of egoism theory of ethics in this ethical dilemma. I even like the Kants theory of duties. I think, the application of this theory is in line with my decision if consider my duty and my loyalty towards the organization. I have personally liked the utilitarianism ethical theory as this theory considers the viewpoint of various stakeholders in the organization. If I were in the same situation again, I would take the same decision. I do not want to go against my manager. However, I would do this if my decision is for the long-term benefit of the organization as in the end, me and my manager serves the organization. I agree with Mark that for-profit organizations need to balance the interests of all of their stakeholders, but that they must also generate profits for shareholders and ethical values for the organization. If I am in the same situation I would again escalate the things as it would be morally correct path. I can say that I have learned a lot from this ethical dilemma. All the three theories of normative ethics are effective. The application of these theories can vary based on the individual cases (Chao Chen, 2016). It is important that the people should realize that the application of these theories could produce different results. In the end, right or wrong are very subjective terms and the definition of the words like ethics and moral values can change from people to people and from organization to organization. I believe that it is important that the right and wrong at the personal level should match with the right and wrong at the organizational level. It would enable the organizations to get the maximum from the employees and it would also ensure that the employees can work with high ethical standards. References Boatright, JR 2006, What's wrong-and what's right-with stakeholder management Journal Of Private Enterprise, 21(2), 1-25 Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/docview/215103986?accountid=7374 Boening, MV Blackstone, T McKee, M Rustrom, E 2006, Benefit packages and individual behavior: choices over discrete goods with multiple attributesManagerial Decision Economics 27 (6), 511-526 Cassirer, HW, 2016, A commentary on Kant's Critique of Judgement Chakraborty S, Kumar H 2013, `Work Life Balance (WLB): A Key to Organizational Efficacy`, Aweshkar Research Journal,15(1), p62-70. Chao, MCH, Li, F, Chen, H 2016, Perceived ethicality of moral choice: the impact of ethics codes, moral development, and relativism Nankai Business Review International, 7(2). 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